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  2. Modular arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic

    Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...

  3. Quadratic reciprocity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_reciprocity

    The former are ≡ ±1 (mod 5) and the latter are ≡ ±2 (mod 5). Since the only residues (mod 5) are ±1, we see that 5 is a quadratic residue modulo every prime which is a residue modulo 5. −5 is in rows 3, 7, 23, 29, 41, 43, and 47 but not in rows 11, 13, 17, 19, 31, or 37.

  4. Modulo - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo

    In mathematics, the result of the modulo operation is an equivalence class, and any member of the class may be chosen as representative; however, the usual representative is the least positive residue, the smallest non-negative integer that belongs to that class (i.e., the remainder of the Euclidean division ). [ 2]

  5. Modular multiplicative inverse - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_multiplicative_inverse

    Modular multiplicative inverse. In mathematics, particularly in the area of arithmetic, a modular multiplicative inverse of an integer a is an integer x such that the product ax is congruent to 1 with respect to the modulus m. [1] In the standard notation of modular arithmetic this congruence is written as.

  6. Fermat's little theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat's_little_theorem

    Fermat's little theorem. In number theory, Fermat's little theorem states that if p is a prime number, then for any integer a, the number ap − a is an integer multiple of p. In the notation of modular arithmetic, this is expressed as. For example, if a = 2 and p = 7, then 27 = 128, and 128 − 2 = 126 = 7 × 18 is an integer multiple of 7 .

  7. Eureqa - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureqa

    Launched. November 2009. Current status. Active. Eureqa was a proprietary modeling engine created in Cornell 's Artificial Intelligence Lab and later commercialized by Nutonian, Inc. The software used genetic algorithms to determine mathematical equations that describe sets of data in their simplest form, a technique referred to as symbolic ...

  8. Eureka (University of Cambridge magazine) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_(University_of...

    Eureka is a journal published annually by The Archimedeans, the mathematical society of Cambridge University. It is one of the oldest recreational mathematics publications still in existence. [1] Eureka includes many mathematical articles on a variety of different topics – written by students and mathematicians from all over the world – as ...

  9. Multiplicative group of integers modulo n - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_group_of...

    The set {3,19} generates the group, which means that every element of (/) is of the form 3 a × 19 b (where a is 0, 1, 2, or 3, because the element 3 has order 4, and similarly b is 0 or 1, because the element 19 has order 2). Smallest primitive root mod n are (0 if no root exists)

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