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Muslim rule in India saw a major shift in the cultural, linguistic, and religious makeup of the subcontinent. [8] Persian and Arabic vocabulary began to enter local languages, giving way to modern Punjabi, Bengali, and Gujarati, while creating new languages including Hindustani and its dialect, Deccani , used as official languages under Muslim ...
Islam. Islam is the second-largest religion in South Asia, with more than 650 million Muslims living there, forming about one-third of the region's population. Islam first spread along the coastal regions of the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka, almost as soon as it started in the Arabian Peninsula, as the Arab traders brought it to South Asia.
India is home to 10.9% of the world's Muslim population. [ 93][ 97] According to Pew Research Center, there can be 213 million Muslims in 2020, India's 15% population. [ 98][ 99] Indian Muslim have a fertility rate of 2.36, the highest in the nation as per as according to year 2019-21 estimation. [ 100]
While there is a tendency to view the Muslim conquests and Muslim empires as a prolonged period of violence against Hindu culture, [note 2] in between the periods of wars and conquests, there were harmonious Hindu-Muslim relations in most Indian communities, [172] and the Indian population grew during the medieval Muslim times. No populations ...
Map of the central Ladakh region. Ladakh is the highest plateau in India with most of it being over 3,000 m (9,800 ft). [20] It extends from the Himalayan to the Kunlun [68] Ranges and includes the upper Indus River valley. The confluence of the Indus (flowing left-to-right) and Zanskar (coming in from top) rivers.
The Southwestern Coast of India was known as "Malabar" (a mixture of Tamil Malai and Arabic or Persian Barr, most probably) to the West Asians. Persian scholar al-Biruni (973–1052 AD) appears to have been the first to call the region by this name. Masudi of Baghdad (896–965 AD) speaks about the contacts between Malabar and Arabia.
After that Muslim dynasties rose; some of these dynasties established notable and prominent Muslim empires, such as the Umayyad Empire and later the Abbasid Empire, [1] [2] Ottoman Empire centered around Anatolia, the Safavid Empire of Persia, and the Mughal Empire in India. [citation needed]
Muslim scholars made advances to the map-making traditions of earlier cultures, [1] explorers and merchants learned in their travels across the Old World (Afro-Eurasia). [1] Islamic geography had three major fields: exploration and navigation, physical geography , and cartography and mathematical geography . [ 1 ]