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Paganism (from classical Latin pāgānus "rural", "rustic", later "civilian") is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, [1] or ethnic religions other than Judaism. In the time of the Roman Empire, individuals fell into the pagan class either because they were ...
Identity politics. Identity politics is politics based on a particular identity, such as ethnicity, race, nationality, religion, denomination, gender, sexual orientation, social background, caste, and social class. [1] The term could also encompass other social phenomena which are not commonly understood as exemplifying identity politics, such ...
Judaism has a long history in Europe, but is a small minority religion, with France (1%) the only European country with a Jewish population in excess of 0.5%. The Jewish population of Europe is composed primarily of two groups, the Ashkenazi and the Sephardi.
Jewish identity is the objective or subjective state of perceiving oneself as a Jew and as relating to being Jewish. [1] Under a broader definition, Jewish identity does not depend on whether a person is regarded as a Jew by others, or by an external set of religious, legal, or sociological norms. Jewish identity does not need to imply ...
Enlightenment era religious commentary was a response to the preceding century of religious conflict in Europe, especially the Thirty Years' War. [76] Theologians of the Enlightenment wanted to reform their faith to its generally non-confrontational roots and to limit the capacity for religious controversy to spill over into politics and ...
Ethnic nationalism, also known as ethnonationalism, [1] is a form of nationalism wherein the nation and nationality are defined in terms of ethnicity, [2] [3] with emphasis on an ethnocentric (and in some cases an ethnocratic) approach to various political issues related to national affirmation of a particular ethnic group. [4] [5]
Ethnocentrism in social science and anthropology —as well as in colloquial English discourse—means to apply one's own culture or ethnicity as a frame of reference to judge other cultures, practices, behaviors, beliefs, and people, instead of using the standards of the particular culture involved. Since this judgment is often negative, some ...
The Aryan race is a pseudoscientific historical race concept that emerged in the late-19th century to describe people who descend from the Proto-Indo-Europeans as a racial grouping. [1] [2] The terminology derives from the historical usage of Aryan, used by modern Indo-Iranians as an epithet of "noble".