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Genetics. In biology, translation is the process in living cells in which proteins are produced using RNA molecules as templates. The generated protein is a sequence of amino acids. This sequence is determined by the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA. The nucleotides are considered three at a time.
The polypeptide chain then folds and is post-translationally modified. Protein biosynthesis (or protein synthesis) is a core biological process, occurring inside cells, balancing the loss of cellular proteins (via degradation or export) through the production of new proteins. Proteins perform a number of critical functions as enzymes ...
Most amino acids are synthesized from α- ketoacids, and later transaminated from another amino acid, usually glutamate. The enzyme involved in this reaction is an aminotransferase . α-ketoacid + glutamate ⇄ amino acid + α-ketoglutarate. Glutamate itself is formed by amination of α-ketoglutarate : α-ketoglutarate + NH+. 4 ⇄ glutamate.
Protein engineering is the process of developing useful or valuable proteins through the design and production of unnatural polypeptides, often by altering amino acid sequences found in nature. [ 1] It is a young discipline, with much research taking place into the understanding of protein folding and recognition for protein design principles ...
Dipeptide. A dipeptide is an organic compound derived from two amino acids. The constituent amino acids can be the same or different. When different, two isomers of the dipeptide are possible, depending on the sequence. Several dipeptides are physiologically important, and some are both physiologically and commercially significant.
Serine (symbol Ser or S) [ 3][ 4] is an α- amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α- amino group (which is in the protonated − NH+. 3 form under biological conditions), a carboxyl group (which is in the deprotonated − COO−. form under biological conditions), and a side chain consisting of a hydroxymethyl ...
A coiled coil is a structural motif in proteins in which 2–7 [ 1] alpha-helices are coiled together like the strands of a rope. ( Dimers and trimers are the most common types.) They have been found in roughly 5-10% of proteins and have a variety of functions. [ 2] They are one of the most widespread motifs found in protein-protein interactions.
Biomimetic materials are materials developed using inspiration from nature. This may be useful in the design of composite materials. Natural structures have inspired and innovated human creations. [ 1] Notable examples of these natural structures include: honeycomb structure of the beehive, strength of spider silks, bird flight mechanics, and ...