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This is the convention followed in this article. In mathematics, a spherical coordinate system is a coordinate system for three-dimensional space where the position of a given point in space is specified by three real numbers: the radial distance r along the radial line connecting the point to the fixed point of origin; the polar angle θ ...
Earth's rotation. Earth's rotation or Earth's spin is the rotation of planet Earth around its own axis, as well as changes in the orientation of the rotation axis in space. Earth rotates eastward, in prograde motion. As viewed from the northern polar star Polaris, Earth turns counterclockwise . The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North ...
The plane z = 0 runs through the center of the sphere; the "equator" is the intersection of the sphere with this plane. For any point P on M , there is a unique line through N and P , and this line intersects the plane z = 0 in exactly one point P ′ , known as the stereographic projection of P onto the plane.
Geodesy. The Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate system (acronym ECEF ), also known as the geocentric coordinate system, is a cartesian spatial reference system that represents locations in the vicinity of the Earth (including its surface, interior, atmosphere, and surrounding outer space) as X, Y, and Z measurements from its center of mass.
The prime meridian is the centre of the near side of the Moon. A planetary coordinate system (also referred to as planetographic, planetodetic, or planetocentric) [1] [2] is a generalization of the geographic, geodetic, and the geocentric coordinate systems for planets other than Earth. Similar coordinate systems are defined for other solid ...
The x–y plane coincides with the equatorial plane of Earth. The x-axis is permanently fixed in a direction relative to the celestial sphere, which does not rotate as Earth does. The z-axis lies at a 90° angle to the equatorial plane and extends through the North Pole. Due to forces that the Sun and Moon exert, Earth's equatorial plane moves ...
If we draw a sphere with the center on the plane, then the intersection of the sphere and the plane is a circle, called the "trace" ; the intersection of the normal line and the sphere is the pole. A single pole is not enough to fully determine the orientation of an object: the pole stays the same if we apply a rotation around the normal line.
A sphere rotating (spinning) about an axis. Rotation or rotational motion is the circular movement of an object around a central line, known as axis of rotation.A plane figure can rotate in either a clockwise or counterclockwise sense around a perpendicular axis intersecting anywhere inside or outside the figure at a center of rotation.