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In astronomy, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, published by Johannes Kepler between 1609 and 1619, describe the orbits of planets around the Sun. The laws modified the heliocentric theory of Nicolaus Copernicus, replacing its circular orbits and epicycles with elliptical trajectories, and explaining how planetary velocities vary.
Four-dimensional space ( 4D) is the mathematical extension of the concept of three-dimensional space (3D). Three-dimensional space is the simplest possible abstraction of the observation that one needs only three numbers, called dimensions, to describe the sizes or locations of objects in the everyday world.
t. e. In geodesy, the figure of the Earth is the size and shape used to model planet Earth. The kind of figure depends on application, including the precision needed for the model. A spherical Earth is a well-known historical approximation that is satisfactory for geography, astronomy and many other purposes.
Spherical Earth or Earth's curvature refers to the approximation of the figure of the Earth as a sphere . The earliest documented mention of the concept dates from around the 5th century BC, when it appears in the writings of Greek philosophers. [ 1][ 2] In the 3rd century BC, Hellenistic astronomy established the roughly spherical shape of ...
v. t. e. Geodesy or geodetics[ 1] is the science of measuring and representing the geometry, gravity, and spatial orientation of the Earth in temporally varying 3D. It is called planetary geodesy when studying other astronomical bodies, such as planets or circumplanetary systems. [ 2]
Rotation or rotational motion is the circular movement of an object around a central line, known as axis of rotation. A plane figure can rotate in either a clockwise or counterclockwise sense around a perpendicular axis intersecting anywhere inside or outside the figure at a center of rotation. A solid figure has an infinite number of possible ...
Another type of sphere arises from a 4-ball, whose three-dimensional surface is the 3-sphere: points equidistant to the origin of the euclidean space R 4. If a point has coordinates, P ( x , y , z , w ) , then x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + w 2 = 1 characterizes those points on the unit 3-sphere centered at the origin.
Before this, the term had a more generic meaning that referred to a graphical procedure of representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions, now known as orthographic projection. [2] [3] Although the term analemma usually refers to Earth's solar analemma, it can be applied to other celestial bodies as well.
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