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Division by zero. The reciprocal function y = 1 x. As x approaches zero from the right, y tends to positive infinity. As x approaches zero from the left, y tends to negative infinity. In mathematics, division by zero, division where the divisor (denominator) is zero, is a unique and problematic special case.
Zero to the power of zero. Zero to the power of zero, denoted by 00, is a mathematical expression that is either defined as 1 or left undefined, depending on context. In algebra and combinatorics, one typically defines 00 = 1. In mathematical analysis, the expression is sometimes left undefined. Computer programming languages and software also ...
One proof is to note that φ(d) is also equal to the number of possible generators of the cyclic group C d ; specifically, if C d = g with g d = 1, then g k is a generator for every k coprime to d. Since every element of C n generates a cyclic subgroup, and each subgroup C d ⊆ C n is generated by precisely φ(d) elements of C n, the formula ...
Graphs of y = b x for various bases b: base 10, base e, base 2, base 1 / 2 . Each curve passes through the point (0, 1) because any nonzero number raised to the power of 0 is 1. At x = 1, the value of y equals the base because any number raised to the power of 1 is the number itself.
In algebra, the zero-product property states that the product of two nonzero elements is nonzero. In other words, =, = = This property is also known as the rule of zero product, the null factor law, the multiplication property of zero, the nonexistence of nontrivial zero divisors, or one of the two zero-factor properties.
The natural logarithm of e itself, ln e, is 1, because e1 = e, while the natural logarithm of 1 is 0, since e0 = 1 . The natural logarithm can be defined for any positive real number a as the area under the curve y = 1/x from 1 to a[ 4] (with the area being negative when 0 < a < 1 ). The simplicity of this definition, which is matched in many ...
Greatest common divisor. In mathematics, the greatest common divisor ( GCD) of two or more integers, which are not all zero, is the largest positive integer that divides each of the integers. For two integers x, y, the greatest common divisor of x and y is denoted . For example, the GCD of 8 and 12 is 4, that is, gcd (8, 12) = 4. [ 1][ 2]
The same formula applies to octonions, with a zero real part and a norm equal to 1. These formulas are a direct generalization of Euler's identity, since i {\displaystyle i} and − i {\displaystyle -i} are the only complex numbers with a zero real part and a norm (absolute value) equal to 1 .